# Tokyo for Digital Nomads

> Orderly & expensive

Tokyo, Japan, Asia

Canonical page: https://nomadbase.com/destinations/tokyo
Last reviewed: 2026-07-27

Every figure below carries its source and measurement date. Where no reliable source exists the field is left out rather than estimated.

## Tokyo at a glance

Tokyo has more mapped cafés than any other destination we have measured — 4,605 within 15 km, alongside 69 coworking spaces (OpenStreetMap: July 2026) — superb public transport, and clean air at 7.5 µg/m³ PM2.5 (OpenAQ: median of 4 stations, 27 July 2026). As a place to simply get work done, it is hard to beat.

The friction is legal and linguistic. Most passports get 90 days visa-free; the digital nomad visa extends that to six months but asks for ¥10 million of annual income, private insurance, and cannot be renewed (Government sources: Japanese Designated Activities (digital nomad) visa, checked July 2026). And English will carry you less far here than anywhere else on this list.

It suits you if you value order, infrastructure and food over cost and convenience, and if a language barrier reads as interesting rather than exhausting. It suits you less on a tight budget or a long horizon.

| Pros | Cons |
|---|---|
| 4,605 cafés and 69 coworking spaces mapped within 15 km (OpenStreetMap: July 2026) — the most of any city we have mapped | Nomad visa needs ¥10 million annual income and cannot be renewed; otherwise it is 90 days (Government sources: Japanese Designated Activities (digital nomad) visa, checked July 2026) |
| Clean air at 7.5 µg/m³ PM2.5 (OpenAQ: median of 4 stations, 27 July 2026) | Only 3 months land in the 18–27 °C comfort band (Copernicus ERA5: 2025) — 27.7 °C humid summers, 5.9 °C winters (Copernicus ERA5: 2025 seasonal averages) |
| Public transport that makes a car unimaginable | Expensive by Asian standards, and short-term housing is unusually bureaucratic |
| Extremely safe, and functional at any hour | English gets you less far than in any other destination in this catalogue |

## Key figures

| Figure | Value | Source | Measured |
|---|---|---|---|
| Average temperature (year) | 16.7 C | Copernicus ERA5, 2025 annual average | 2025-12-31 |
| Average cloud cover | 57 % | Copernicus ERA5, 2025 annual average | 2025-12-31 |
| Nomadbase climate comfort index | 3.4 index 0-10 | Nomadbase comfort index from Copernicus ERA5 2025 monthly means | 2025-12-31 |
| Nearest major airport | 18 km | OurAirports — nearest major airport is Tokyo Haneda International Airport | 2026-07-29 |
| Airports within 100 km | 4 within 100km | OurAirports, major and regional airports with scheduled service | 2026-07-29 |
| Coworking spaces mapped | 69 count | OpenStreetMap, within 15km | 2026-08-05 |
| Cafés mapped | 4618 count | OpenStreetMap, within 15km | 2026-08-05 |
| Air quality PM2.5 (measured) | 7.5 µg/m³ | OpenAQ, median of 4 stations, 2026-07-27 | 2026-07-27 |
| Transport per month | 97 EUR/month | Official fare: Tokyo Metro All Lines Pass, 1 month (17,670 JPY), the 9 Tokyo Metro lines ONLY — no JR, Toei or private railways; no citywide multi-operator pass exists, checked 2026-08-05 | 2026-08-05 |
| Gyms mapped | 551 count | OpenStreetMap, within 15km | 2026-08-05 |
| Vegetarian share of cafés | 0.7 per 100 restaurants & cafés | OpenStreetMap, within 15km | 2026-08-05 |
| Queer venues mapped | 12 count | OpenStreetMap, within 15km | 2026-08-05 |
| Average temperature (summer) | 27.7 C | Copernicus ERA5, 2025 summer average (Jun-Aug) | 2025-12-31 |
| Average temperature (winter) | 5.9 C | Copernicus ERA5, 2025 winter average (Dec-Feb) | 2025-12-31 |
| Rain days per year | 129 days/year | Copernicus ERA5, 2025 full-year count | 2025-12-31 |
| Dry days per year | 236 days/year | Copernicus ERA5, 2025 full-year count | 2025-12-31 |
| UTC offset | 9 hours from UTC | Open-Meteo time zone (Asia/Tokyo), standard time | 2026-08-10 |
| Working-hours overlap with Central Europe | 0 hours/day | Nomadbase overlap of a 09:00-17:00 day against Open-Meteo time zone (Asia/Tokyo), standard time; Europe reference UTC+1 | 2026-08-10 |
| Working-hours overlap with US East | 0 hours/day | Nomadbase overlap of a 09:00-17:00 day against Open-Meteo time zone (Asia/Tokyo), standard time; US East reference UTC-5 | 2026-08-10 |
| Restaurants mapped | 16235 count | OpenStreetMap, within 15km | 2026-08-05 |
| Beaches mapped within 30 km | 36 count | OpenStreetMap, within 30km | 2026-07-31 |
| Nature reserves and parks within 30 km | 41 count | OpenStreetMap, within 30km | 2026-07-31 |
| Hiking routes within 30 km | 35 count | OpenStreetMap, within 30km | 2026-07-31 |
| Mapped coastline within 30 km | 387 count | OpenStreetMap, within 30km | 2026-07-31 |
| Hospitals and clinics mapped | 1159 count | OpenStreetMap, within 15km | 2026-07-31 |
| Pharmacies mapped | 2833 count | OpenStreetMap, within 15km | 2026-07-31 |
| Bars, pubs and clubs mapped | 7034 count | OpenStreetMap, within 15km | 2026-08-05 |
| Nightlife share of cafés | 33.7 per 100 restaurants & cafés | OpenStreetMap, within 15km | 2026-08-05 |
| climate monthly profile | [{"m":1,"t":1.5,"r":0.23,"c":0.31},{"m":2,"t":0.9,"r":0.11,"c":0.34},{"m":3,"t":6.6,"r":0.45,"c":0.62},{"m":4,"t":13.2,"r":0.43,"c":0.59},{"m":5,"t":18.3,"r":0.48,"c":0.84},{"m":6,"t":26.9,"r":0.4,"c":0.72},{"m":7,"t":32,"r":0.23,"c":0.57},{"m":8,"t":33.8,"r":0.16,"c":0.61},{"m":9,"t":29.2,"r":0.5,"c":0.62},{"m":10,"t":18.1,"r":0.65,"c":0.78},{"m":11,"t":9.3,"r":0.33,"c":0.44},{"m":12,"t":3.6,"r":0.26,"c":0.39}] | Copernicus ERA5, 2025 monthly means (felt temperature, rain-day share, cloud share) | 2025-12-31 |
| LGBTQ+ in practice (country) | Five high courts ruled the same-sex marriage ban unconstitutional in 2024–25 (one Tokyo panel disagreed in Nov 2025); the Supreme Court has taken the cases with a ruling expected around 2027. Fully safe and socially low-friction for visitors, but couples have no national legal status. | Nomadbase legal-position rubric (country level), checked 2026-07-29 | 2026-07-29 |
| Tap water index (country) | 10 score 0-10 | Nomadbase tap-water tier (country level), checked 2026-07-29 | 2026-07-29 |
| Tap water in practice (country) | Potable straight from the tap nationwide; Tokyo’s water bureau actively promotes its tap water as safe and good-tasting. | Nomadbase tap-water tier (country level), checked 2026-07-29 | 2026-07-29 |
| Internet download (median) | 53.9 Mbps | M-Lab median of 259,592 tests within 50 km, last 7 days | 2026-08-11 |
| Vegan-friendly places mapped | 170 count | OpenStreetMap, within 15km | 2026-08-05 |
| Vegetarian-friendly places mapped | 156 count | OpenStreetMap, within 15km | 2026-08-05 |
| Kiteable wind days per year | 9 days/year | Days in 2025 with peak sustained wind ≥ 25 km/h (ERA5 via Open-Meteo, 10 m) | 2025-12-31 |
| Coworking desk per month | 148 EUR/month | Published price: BasisPoint & CASE Shinjuku hot-desk rates (median) (27,500 JPY), both list ¥27,500/month, checked 2026-07-29 | 2026-07-29 |
| eSIM data, 30 days | 62.5 EUR | Published price: Airalo, unlimited data 30 days (Moshi Moshi), checked 2026-07-29 | 2026-07-29 |
| Ride-hailing, ~5 km ride | 12.35 EUR/ride | Published price: Tokyo Hire-Taxi Association tariff, 5 km daytime (2,300 JPY), ¥500 first km + ¥100/232 m, slow-traffic time excluded, checked 2026-07-29 | 2026-07-29 |
| Accommodation per month (simple end) | 1138 EUR/month | Inside Airbnb market price (simple end, 25th percentile of 3331 monthly entire-home listings), Q2/2026 | 2026-06-30 |
| Accommodation per month | 2009 EUR/month | Inside Airbnb market price (median of 3331 monthly entire-home listings), Q2/2026 | 2026-06-30 |
| Accommodation per month (upscale end) | 5056 EUR/month | Inside Airbnb market price (upscale end, 75th percentile of 3331 monthly entire-home listings), Q2/2026 | 2026-06-30 |
| Yoga studios mapped | 32 count | OpenStreetMap, within 15km | 2026-08-05 |
| Surf spots mapped nearby | 2 count | OpenStreetMap, within 30km | 2026-08-05 |
| Kitesurf spots mapped nearby | 0 count | OpenStreetMap, within 30km | 2026-08-05 |
| Visa-free days (EU passport) | 90 days | Editorial visa research, checked 2026-07-27 | 2026-07-27 |
| Visa-free days (US passport) | 90 days | Editorial visa research, checked 2026-07-27 | 2026-07-27 |
| Visa-free days (UK passport) | 90 days | Editorial visa research, checked 2026-07-27 | 2026-07-27 |
| Visa-free days (Canadian passport) | 90 days | Editorial visa research, checked 2026-07-27 | 2026-07-27 |
| Visa-free days (Australian passport) | 90 days | Editorial visa research, checked 2026-07-27 | 2026-07-27 |
| Remote-work visa route (0–10) | 10 score 0-10 | Dedicated remote-work visa: Digital Nomad Visa (Designated Activities No. 53) (checked 2026-07-27) | 2026-07-27 |
| LGBTQ+ legal index (country) | 5 score 0-10 | Nomadbase legal-position rubric (country level), checked 2026-07-29 | 2026-07-29 |
| 3-star hotel per night | 77.33 EUR/night | Published price: median of 3 listed 3-star rates (Booking.com), night 15–16 Aug 2026 (14,400 JPY), lyf Ginza Tokyo ¥15,619 (incl. taxes), Hotel Sunroute Asakusa ¥11,550, ibis Styles Tokyo Ginza ¥14,400 (both "additional charges may apply"); first three listed results; live OTA snapshot 2026-07-29, checked 2026-07-29 | 2026-07-29 |
| Coliving room per month | 403 EUR/month | Published price: Social Apartment — SOCIAL APARTMENT OMORI (Shinagawa-ku), Room 502: rent ¥68,000 + common fee ¥7,000 (75,000 JPY), Operator-published listing, room available early Aug 2026; house rent range ¥63,000–83,000 (avg ¥74,000) + ¥7,000 common fee; Shinagawa-ku = central-ish 23-ward location, ~1BR 10.1 m²; short-term plan possible (1y/2y plans discount ¥4,000/¥8,000), checked 2026-07-29 | 2026-07-29 |
| Café latte | 2.69 EUR | Published price: Starbucks Japan official menu — スターバックス ラテ, Tall, in-store price (tax incl.) (500 JPY), Official menu shows Short ¥460 / Tall ¥500 / Grande ¥545 / Venti ¥590 (店内飲食価格・税込, "〜" = may vary at some stores), checked 2026-07-29 | 2026-07-29 |
| cost food monthly modelled | 256 EUR/month | Modelled groceries for Japan (country level, not city): Eurostat DE reference 2022 scaled by World Bank price level 69.0 vs 81.2 (2025) and ICP 2021 category structure | 2025-12-31 |
| cost eating out monthly modelled | 75 EUR/month | Modelled eating out for Japan (country level, not city): Eurostat DE reference 2022 scaled by World Bank price level 69.0 vs 81.2 (2025) and ICP 2021 category structure | 2025-12-31 |
| cost transport monthly modelled | 40 EUR/month | Modelled local transport for Japan (country level, not city): Eurostat DE reference 2022 scaled by World Bank price level 69.0 vs 81.2 (2025) and ICP 2021 category structure | 2025-12-31 |
| cost leisure monthly modelled | 171 EUR/month | Modelled leisure for Japan (country level, not city): Eurostat DE reference 2022 scaled by World Bank price level 69.0 vs 81.2 (2025) and ICP 2021 category structure | 2025-12-31 |
| English proficiency (EF EPI) | 480 EF EPI score | EF EPI 2025 (city level, transcribed via Wikipedia) | 2025-11-01 |
| Getting by in English (0–10) | 3.2 score 0-10 | EF EPI 2025 (city level, transcribed via Wikipedia) | 2025-11-01 |
| Women, Peace and Security index (country) | 8.66 score 0-10 | Georgetown WPS Index 2023 (country level, transcribed via Wikipedia) | 2023-10-01 |
| cost bigmac | 2.68 EUR | Published price: The Economist Big Mac Index, national average (500 JPY = 3.08 USD), July 2026 release — data CC BY 4.0 | 2026-07-01 |
| Vegan share of cafés | 0.8 per 100 restaurants & cafés | OpenStreetMap, within 15km | 2026-08-05 |
| Country price level (US = 100) | 69 US=100 | World Bank price level index for Japan, 2025 (US = 100) | 2025-12-31 |
| Homicide rate (country) | 0.23 per 100k | UNODC intentional homicide rate for Japan, 2024 | 2024-12-31 |
| Population | 14264798 people | Wikidata population figure, 2022 | 2022-12-31 |
| Mild months (felt 18–27 °C) | 3 months/year | Nomadbase comfort index from Copernicus ERA5 2025 monthly means | 2025-12-31 |
| Company setup index (country) | 7.5 score 0-10 | Nomadbase business rubric (country level), checked 2026-07-31 | 2026-07-31 |
| Banking access index (country) | 4.5 score 0-10 | Nomadbase business rubric (country level), checked 2026-07-31 | 2026-07-31 |
| Company setup in practice (country) | Since March 2015 no representative director has to be resident in Japan — the single biggest barrier is gone. Capital is JPY 1 for both the KK and the simpler GK, but almost nobody uses it: banks, landlords and visa officers read low capital as weakness, so JPY 1,000,000+ is the working floor. A KK needs notarised articles, a GK does not. | Nomadbase business rubric (country level), checked 2026-07-31 | 2026-07-31 |
| Banking in practice (country) | The hard part, and it is hard for residents too. Banks routinely decline companies whose representative has no Japanese address or residence card, regardless of what the company registry says. Budget for this before the incorporation, not after. | Nomadbase business rubric (country level), checked 2026-07-31 | 2026-07-31 |

## Scores (0–10, blend of public data and community reports)

| Category | Score | Public data | Community | Reports |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| lgbtq | 5 | 5 | — | 0 |
| fun | 8.36 | 8.36 | — | 0 |
| lifestyle | 3.11 | 3.11 | — | 0 |
| vegetarian | 0.39 | 0.39 | — | 0 |
| nightlife | 8.97 | 8.97 | — | 0 |
| nature | 8.71 | 8.71 | — | 0 |
| health | 3.88 | 3.88 | — | 0 |
| locals | 3.2 | 3.2 | — | 0 |
| business | 6 | 6 | — | 0 |
| women | 8.66 | 8.66 | — | 0 |
| cost | 2.22 | 2.22 | — | 0 |
| internet | 7.07 | 7.07 | — | 0 |
| safety | 9.72 | 9.72 | — | 0 |
| climate | 6.29 | 6.29 | — | 0 |
| amenity | 4.42 | 4.42 | — | 0 |
| vegan | 1.57 | 1.57 | — | 0 |
| water | 10 | 10 | — | 0 |
| flights | 3.97 | 3.97 | — | 0 |
| visa | 7.33 | 7.33 | — | 0 |

## Visa & entry (Japan)

Most Western passports get 90 days visa-free. The digital nomad visa adds six months but sets a high bar: ¥10 million annual income, private insurance, and no renewal.

### How long you can stay

Around 70 nationalities — including the EU, UK, US, Canada and Australia — enter visa-free for **90 days**. That is enough for most stays and needs no paperwork beyond the arrival formalities.

### The digital nomad visa

Introduced in March 2024, it sits under the "Designated Activities" status (Notice No. 53) rather than being a visa class of its own:

- **Six months**, and it cannot be renewed or extended. Once you have used it, you wait six months before applying again.
- Annual income of at least **¥10 million** (roughly €58,000–65,000 depending on the rate).
- Private health insurance covering death, injury and illness with at least **¥10 million** of medical cover.
- Open only to nationals of countries that both have a tax treaty with Japan and enjoy visa-free entry.

It does not grant resident status, so you get no residence card and no access to the national health system — which is why the insurance requirement is not a formality.

Work must be for employers or clients outside Japan.

> Visa rules change frequently. This information was last checked on 2026-07-27. It is not legal advice — confirm with the official source before booking: https://www.moj.go.jp/isa/applications/status/designatedactivities.html

## Living in Tokyo

### Where to stay

Tokyo is a collection of centres rather than one. Pick by which line you want to live on.

- **Shibuya and Shinjuku** — the major hubs. Everything connects here, which is also why they are crowded and loud.
- **Nakameguro and Daikanyama** — a short ride from Shibuya, calmer, café-dense, and popular with longer-term foreign residents.
- **Koenji and Kichijoji** — west on the Chuo line, cheaper, second-hand shops and live music, more lived-in.
- **Kuramae and Asakusa** — east and old-town, noticeably cheaper, with a growing café and maker scene.
- **Shimokitazawa** — small streets, no big roads, and the closest Tokyo gets to a village feel.

### Finding a place

This is the hardest part of Tokyo for a short-term arrival. Conventional leases involve key money, a guarantor and agency fees, and many landlords will not rent to someone without residency — which the nomad visa does not confer.

In practice that leaves monthly "mansions" (furnished serviced apartments rented by the month, and the standard answer for this situation), share houses, and extended-stay hotels. All three are set up for exactly this and skip the guarantor problem.

We publish no rent figures for Tokyo yet — no free public source measures what residents pay. Member reports feed the cost section above.

### Working from here

Between 69 coworking spaces and 4,604 cafés mapped within 15 km (OpenStreetMap: July 2026), finding somewhere to work is the least of your problems. Chain cafés are laptop-friendly and quiet; smaller independents often are not, and it is worth reading the room.

Two Tokyo-specific options worth knowing: the coworking booths in and around stations, rented by the fifteen minutes for calls, and the older *kissaten* coffee houses, which are unhurried and usually empty in the afternoon.

We have not verified current desk prices from operators, so this page does not quote one.

### Getting around

The rail network is the best in the world and it is not a close contest. Get a Suica or Pasmo card, or use the version in your phone, and stop thinking about tickets. Trains are punctual to the minute and stop shortly after midnight — the last train genuinely governs how evenings end.

Taxis exist and are expensive. Cycling is pleasant in the smaller neighbourhoods and awkward across the centre.

### Money

Japan has moved quickly towards cashless, but cash is still required more often than visitors expect — smaller restaurants, shrines, some clinics. Carry some.

For withdrawals, the ATMs in 7-Eleven and at Japan Post reliably accept foreign cards, which is not true of every bank machine. **There is no tipping** — it is not expected anywhere and can cause confusion.

### Staying safe

Tokyo is the city where the lost wallet comes back. Street crime is close to a non-factor in daily planning, which frees the attention for the two things that do matter: earthquakes and the small print of nightlife. For the first, keep your phone’s alert app on and learn your building’s drill — the city is built for this, and calm is the local response.

For the second: the aggressive touts of Kabukicho front bars where the bill becomes negotiable after the fact. Never follow a street invitation, and the district is simply a place you walk through. Late trains stop earlier than the city’s energy does — budget for the taxi or time the last train like everyone else.

### Seasons

Tokyo’s four seasons arrive on schedule and mean it. Winter is cold, dry and often brilliantly clear — Fuji visible from rooftops — while summer is a humid wall, with the June rainy season as its overture and September’s typhoons as its exit. The city functions through all of it; you will simply live closer to the air conditioning for two months.

The windows are the famous ones, and they are famous because they are real: cherry-blossom spring and the crisp, golden autumn. Book those months early or enjoy them as a resident while the visitors churn.

### Meeting people

The international community is large but more dispersed than in the smaller destinations here — it does not concentrate in one district the way Nimman or Roma Norte do. Coworking events, language exchanges and interest-based meetups are the reliable routes in.

A little Japanese changes the experience disproportionately. It is not needed to function, and it is needed to belong.

### Staying active

The Imperial Palace loop is the canonical run — flat, lit, measured, and busy with office workers turning laps before nine. The riverside paths along the Tama and Arakawa carry the long weekend miles, and cycling them is the quiet way to see the city’s undramatic, real neighbourhoods.

Gyms are plentiful with a caveat worth knowing: visible tattoos still close doors at many pools, onsen and some gyms, so check the policy before you sign anything. The mountains an hour west turn hiking into a train-ride habit rather than an expedition.

### Time off

The rail network makes weekends easy: Hakone and Nikko for onsen and mountains, Kamakura for the coast, Kyoto in a little over two hours on the Shinkansen. The mountains of Nagano are close enough for skiing in winter, and Mount Fuji is a summer climb rather than a day trip.

## Frequently asked questions

### How much does it cost to live in Tokyo per month?

Between €1,067 and €2,011 a month, housing and everyday spending together, depending on whether you take a coliving room or your own place. Housing is a coliving room at €403 up to your own place at €1,138. Everyday spending — food, local transport, leisure — is modelled from national price levels rather than measured in the city, so it is an indication and not a quote. A coworking desk is extra at €148. Every figure carries its source on the destination page.

### How fast is the internet in Tokyo?

Median download speed is about 53.9 Mbps. Source: M-Lab median of 259,592 tests within 50 km, last 7 days.

### What visa do I need for Tokyo?

Most Western passports get 90 days visa-free. The digital nomad visa adds six months but sets a high bar: ¥10 million annual income, private insurance, and no renewal. Last checked 2026-07-27. Always confirm with the official source before booking.

### What is the weather like in Tokyo?

Winters average 5.9 °C and summers 27.7 °C. 3 of 12 months average a comfortable 18–27 °C (felt temperature). Source: Copernicus ERA5, 2025 annual average.

### Can I work European or US hours from Tokyo?

A 09:00–17:00 working day in Tokyo overlaps 0 hours with Central European time and 0 hours with US Eastern time, at standard time.

### Are there coworking spaces in Tokyo?

69 coworking spaces are mapped in Tokyo, plus 4618 cafés to work from. Source: OpenStreetMap, within 15km. Counts are a floor, not a census — coverage depends on local mappers.

### How do you get to Tokyo?

The nearest major airport is about 18 km away. 4 airports with scheduled service within 100 km. Source: OurAirports — nearest major airport is Tokyo Haneda International Airport.

## Sources

- **Copernicus ERA5** (Generated using Copernicus Climate Change Service information) — ECMWF’s ERA5 reanalysis, retrieved through Open-Meteo. Temperatures, rainfall, cloud cover and wind are daily values for the last complete calendar year. https://open-meteo.com/
- **Nomadbase comfort index** — Our own reading of ERA5 data, not a measurement: a month-by-month score for how comfortable the felt temperature is, damped for rain and cloud. The formula is published. https://nomadbase.com/destinations#how-we-score
- **OurAirports** (Public domain) — Airport locations and types. Distances are to the nearest major airport with scheduled service. https://ourairports.com/
- **OpenStreetMap** (ODbL) — Community-mapped places: coworking, cafés, gyms and diet options within 15km. Counts are a floor rather than a census — coverage depends on local mappers. https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright
- **OpenAQ** (CC BY 4.0) — Air quality measured at ground stations. Only reaches part of the catalogue — a city needs a station nearby that is still reporting. https://openaq.org/
- **Nomadbase country research** — Hand-maintained country tables for the LGBTQ+ legal position and tap-water safety, compiled from advocacy databases (ILGA World, Human Dignity Trust), national authorities and government travel advice, and scored with a published rubric. Country-level by nature — city reality can differ, which is what the practical note is for. https://nomadbase.com/destinations#how-we-score
- **M-Lab** (CC BY-SA 4.0) — Internet speed from real speed tests run by people in the city, aggregated over a seven-day window. https://www.measurementlab.net/
- **Published prices** — Prices read by hand from the operator’s or authority’s own published price list — a transit tariff, a coworking rate card, an eSIM store — on the date shown. Checked quarterly; the linked page is the source. https://nomadbase.com/destinations#how-we-score
- **Inside Airbnb** (CC BY 4.0) — The short-let market price: median nightly rate of entire homes bookable by the month, times thirty, converted to EUR at ECB reference rates. Deliberately not called rent — local leases run cheaper, and member reports correct downward. https://insideairbnb.com/
- **Government sources** — Visa and entry rules come from the responsible authority for each country, linked in the visa section and re-checked by hand on the date shown.
- **World Bank** (CC BY 4.0) — Price level of household consumption at market exchange rates (US = 100) — a national figure that anchors the cost score where no city-level source exists yet. It measures what arriving with foreign income feels like, which is why a weak currency lowers it. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.PRVT.PLI
- **UNODC** (Free with attribution) — Intentional homicide rate from the UN Office on Drugs and Crime — a national figure, because no free source measures crime per city. The year next to the number is the year the country last reported. https://dataunodc.un.org/
- **Wikidata** (CC0) — Structural facts taken from the place’s Wikidata entity — resident population, which mirrors a national census figure, and elevation above sea level. The year is the one Wikidata records for that figure; where the entity was the wrong scale for the place we describe, the number has been replaced by a hand-sourced one from the statistics office instead. https://www.wikidata.org/

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